Gene expression and mental disease
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چکیده
The structure and function of an organ such as the brain depends largely upon its constituent cells and the pattern of proteins which they synthesize; this in turn results from the expression of specific genes within each cell (Milner et al. 1987). Given that all human cells contain the same genetic material, differences in cell phenotypes depend upon mechanisms which result in expression or suppression of particular genes and production or absence of particular proteins both during development and in response to stimuli of various kinds. Thus, although recombinant DNA techniques and gene sequencing are of great importance (Baron & Rainer, 1988), the study of normal and abnormal regulation of gene expression and protein synthesis plays a significant complementary role. Of particular relevance to psychiatry are processes occurring in neurons and glia, for example the production of enzymes, transmitters and receptors, and how these processes may be affected in neuropsychiatric disease. The advent of new experimental methods has already led to advances in understanding normal and pathological forms of gene expression in the brain, and their application to psychiatry has rapidly become apparent. We attempt to cover the ground prepared by Owen & Whatley (1988), who concluded their review of molecular genetics in mental disease by stating 'from here we may hope to follow the sequence of changes that finally results in phenotype, so preparing the ground for more rational and effective therapeutic strategies'.
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